METHODS
CONTENT
- Lecture: Organization of the material and methods section
- Lecture: Human studies – Ethics, selection and criteria
- Examples: Studies on humans
- Examples: Studies on animals
- Lecture: Equipment and material
- Examples: Listing material
- Examples: Describing equipment and material within text
- Examples: Complete
- Exercises
Organization of the material & methods section
Human studies: ethics, setting, criteria, sampling & recruitment
Examples of human studies
Chiba et al. (2020). Prevalence and characterization of asthma in hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients with COVID-19. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 146: 307-314
SETTING
This retrospective study was conducted across 10 hospitals affiliated with Northwestern Medicine, one of the largest health systems in Chicago and surrounding Illinois suburbs. Study patients were identified by automated chart review using Northwestern Medicine’s Enterprise Data Warehouse, an electronic repository of inpatient and outpatient health records of more than 6.6 million distinct patients (from Illinois and surrounding states) seen within the health system.
INCLUSION & EXCLUSION CRITERIA
The present analysis included all study participants with at least one follow-up visit between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2014 (n = 273 794; Figure 1). We excluded participants who had any of the following conditions at baseline: abnormal hearing tests, defined as a pure-tone air conduction average of thresholds from 0.5–2 kHz above 25 dB in both right and left ears (n = 10 928); self-reported history of hearing loss (n = 1620); or self-reported history of cancer (n = 7012). We further excluded participants with missing baseline data on fasting glucose (n = 11), hearing tests (n = 452) or any other relevant adjustment covariates (n = 470). The final sample was thus 253 301 participants (105 816 women and 147 485 men).
ETHICS APPROVAL
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, which waived the requirement for informed consent, as we used only de-identified data obtained during regular health-screening exams.
Kim et al. (2017). Diabetes mellitus and the incidence of hearing loss: a cohort study. Int J Epidemiol 46: 717-726.
SETTING
The Kangbuk Samsung Health Study is a cohort study of men and women 18 years of age or older who underwent a comprehensive annual or biennial health examination at the clinics of the Kangbuk Samsung Hospital Total Healthcare Screening Center in Seoul and Suwon, South Korea, from 2002 to 2014. 25,26 Over 80% of participants were employees of various companies and local governmental organizations and their spouses. In South Korea, the Industrial Safety and Health Law requires annual or biennial health-screening exams of all employees, offered free of charge. The remaining participants voluntarily purchased screening examinations at the health-screening centre.
INCLUSION & EXCLUSION CRITERIA
The present analysis included all study participants with at least one follow-up visit between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2014 (n = 273 794; Figure 1). We excluded participants who had any of the following conditions at baseline: abnormal hearing tests, defined as a pure-tone air conduction average of thresholds from 0.5–2 kHz above 25 dB in both right and left ears (n = 10 928); self-reported history of hearing loss (n = 1620); or self-reported history of cancer (n = 7012). We further excluded participants with missing baseline data on fasting glucose (n = 11), hearing tests (n = 452) or any other relevant adjustment covariates (n = 470). The final sample was thus 253 301 participants (105 816 women and 147 485 men).
ETHICS APPROVAL
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, which waived the requirement for informed consent, as we used only de-identified data obtained during regular health-screening exams.
Examples of animal studies
Chockalingam et al (2019). Evaluation of Immunocompetent Urinary Tract Infected Balb/C Mouse Model For the Study of Antibiotic Resistance Development Using Escherichia Coli CFT073 Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 8..
Female Balb/c mice 8–10 weeks old were purchased from Taconic Biosciences (Derwood, MD, USA) and were housed and maintained according to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 8th Edition, under an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved protocol in the AAALAC accredited Animal Program of the White Oak Federal Research Center. Mice were provided with autoclaved feed (Prolab RM 3500, LabDiet, St. Louis, MO, USA) and were permitted food and water ad libitum. Animals were acclimated to the facility for six days before commencement of experiments. Individual mice were randomly assigned to treatment groups. At the initiation of each experiment, animals were socially housed according to facility standards in an animal cage with a wire mesh grid placed at the bottom, to avoid drug carry-over by coprophagic behavior.
Pierre et al (2019). Impact of aging on inflammatory and immune responses during elastin peptide-induced murine emphysema. American journal of physiology Lung cellular and molecular physiology 316: L608-L620.
C57BL/6J female mice (6 wk old and 15 mo old) purchased from Harlan Sprague-Dawley were housed in an animal facility that was maintained at 22–26°C with 40–69% humidity and a 12-h:12-h light-dark cycle. Animals were fed with a commercial diet and received water ad libitum. Animals were humanely cared for, and all animal experiments were approved by the University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and were carried out in accordance with institutional guidelines and regulations.
Da Pozzo et al (2018). Antioxidant and Antisenescence Effects of Bergamot Juice. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 2018: 9395804
Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.
Equipment and material
Examples of listing material
Examples of describing equipment and material in text
Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.
Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.
Complete examples
Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.
Your content goes here. Edit or remove this text inline or in the module Content settings. You can also style every aspect of this content in the module Design settings and even apply custom CSS to this text in the module Advanced settings.
- المواد
- تشمل المواد الكيماوية والبيولوجية والخلايا والعينات على اختلاف أنواعها والحيوانات
- إذا لم تتعدد أصناف مختلفة من نفس الصنف تذكر تحت عنوان المواد
- لا تذكر المواد الكيماوية العامة والعادية
- الحيوانات
- تذكر تحت عنوان ثانوي
- يذكر صنفهم المحدد وجنسهم وعمرهم وظروف معيشتهم وأكلهم وشربهم
- البشر
- subjects لا يشار إليهم بكلمة
- ‒ المشاركون
- ‒المتطوعون
- ‒المرضى